The paper "Practical large-scale latency estimation" written by Szymaniak et al., presents an architecture able the estimate latency of millions of nodes in an efficient manner.

The idea of the paper is to propose CDNs like Google to determine the best server for any client.

To do so, the authors uses GNP, a landmarks-based network coordinate system. First, they establish a base of 7 redundant landmarks which computes their coordinates based on active probing.